Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Article Example ard that whether there exist the survival of Bitcoin or not in this contemporary world, the technology underlying the same would stay for a longer time (Casey and Vigna, †Bitcoin and the Digital-Currency Revolution†). One of the important points or the lessons learned from the selected article â€Å"Bitcoin and the Digital-Currency Revolution† is that the wide application of Bitcoin will certainly develop the conditions of global economy in a positive manner through varied ways. These ways may include computerizing the operational procedures like introducing payment processors, slashing down the amounts of financial fees and generating opportunities for the people who does not hold bank currents currently among others. Apart from this, the other important point or lesson, which can be learned from the aforesaid article, is about the operational procedure of Bitcoin based on which, the conditions of global economy are developed to the maximum possible extent. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that Bitcoin, acting as an efficient digital currency system, takes into concern certain core software programs that restrict in conducting unfair practices such as hacking attempts(Casey and Vign a, ‘Bitcoin and the Digital-Currency Revolution’). Thus, Bitcoin plays a decisive role in making the system of digital currency quite standardized, which in turn, assists in developing the disrupting conditions of global economy at

Investigative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigative Report - Essay Example Supermarket employees followed closely at 43%, retail employees at 35%, hospital employees at 33%, and manufacturing employees at 28% (Pedneault 16). As the world continues to experience social changes, it is likely that companies will experience more employee theft incidences as jobs increasingly become temporary and employees continue to change jobs or maintain multiple careers. As a manufacturing company, New York Rubber Company has experienced several cases of employee theft. In the first half of 2013 alone, at least 15 cases of employee theft have been recorded by the security department. The losses that the organization has incurred as a result of employee theft within the period totals at least $140,000. Going by the statistics, it is beyond doubt that employee theft is an issue that should be taken seriously. Employee thefts impact negatively on consumers and the operations of New York Rubber Company at large. In this respect, we need to understand what employee theft entails so as to be able to formulate better control and prevention measures. Employee theft is not only of interest to us as an activity that must be prevented or regulated, but because it also shows the state of health of the relationship between employees and employers. This report investigates employee theft in the workplace and its consequences. Finally, the report will investigate the causes and use evidence to suggest possible solutions to employee theft in an organization. Employee theft remains one of the major concerns for many companies today. Research indicates that employee theft is commonplace in many companies. Employee theft is an unethical act that employees should not engage in when working for any company or organization. According to the ethical code of conduct, employees are required to refrain from stealing from a company as noted by Barefoot (5).

Gender Stereotypes in Advertising

Gender Stereotypes in Advertising The term gender stereotype is used to denote a set of beliefs held about the characteristics, traits, behaviours and roles that, within a specific culture, are considered socially appropriate for men and women. This advertisement for Gardenburgers found in the August 1997 edition of the American magazine Vegetarian Times is reminiscent of the advertising of the 1950s. In this post World War II era, gender stereotyping was common in advertising. The emphasis was on male superiority and feminine domesticity and submissiveness. These stereotypes restricted men and woman to predetermined roles. Roles which, especially for women, were often degrading and humiliating. Far from reinforcing the stereotypical gender representations of men and women during this era, this advertisement is, in fact, portraying the antithesis of these traditional stereotypes. It denounces the stereotype of the ideal woman of the 1950s, whose whole identity revolved around her house, her husband and her appearance. This advertisement turns the tables on man. It emasculates him and creates a sad little life for him in which, just like the women of the 1950s, he subordinates his interests to those of his wife. The hidden intent of this advertisement is to show that just as we should not accept how media constructs and reinforces traditional ideas about women and femininity and men and masculinity, we should not accept that the backyard barbecue is only complete with a traditional meat burger. Just as it is about time that the traditional gender stereotype that empowered men be replaced by a new gender stereotype that empowers women, it is about time that the traditional all American, all meat burger be replaced by the all natural, all vegetable Gardenburger. This advertisement is a satirical look at gender stereotyping. The play on gender stereotypes, the reversal of gender roles is seen in the image used, the headline and the content of the copy. The stereotypical American Dream, created in the 1950s, was to marry the perfect someone, to have a house in the suburbs complete with a white picket fence, an average 2.2 children, a dog and a cat, and to spend weekends in the backyard barbecuing. The image in the advertisement is intended to depict this American dream. You can almost see the white picket fence. While the proverbial man of the 1950s was bringing home the bacon, his wife was cooking it. The stereotypes in advertising in the 1950s limited the role of the woman. She was portrayed as the caring mother, the serving housewife, eager to please, without looking too intelligent. She was pretty and powerless, and she was usually placed in a subordinate position to her husband. However, in this image the stereotypical gender roles have been reversed. It is the man that has been domesticated. He is weak and innocent. With a humbly, obedient, closed mouthed, little smile on his face his ultimate goal is to be a good husband. His place is in the home, cooking and cleaning for his family. The woman, on the other hand, is displaying more active behaviour, a confident, opened mouthed smile and wave of the hand, she is exercising more authority. As if having an authoritarian wife is not emasculating enough, he is portrayed carrying a cooking utensil. All he is missing is his pinny. The theme of advertising in the 1950s was one of contentment and complacency. Despite the degrading portrayal of women, and the disrespectful tone of many of the advertisements, the image conveyed was one of the perfect all American family where both mummy and daddy were happy in the roles society had assigned them. In this advertisement, the headline Fred and Fran are so happy is parodying this idea. Satire is used here to show us that, in fact, in all is not well in the world, the line is even repeated at the end of the copy to highlight this contradiction. Even if [t]hey are having a BBQ, Fred and Fran should not be happy in an environment where gender inequalities exist. Just as the consumer should not be happy in an environment where animals are not respected, especially when meatless Gardenburgers are available wherever frozen foods are sold. Finally, the content of the copy in this advertisement continues the satirical look at the gender inequality of advertising in the 1950s, where women were portrayed as stupid and infantile, men as dominant and macho. The copy in this advertisement is a far cry from the 1950s the foot is now on the other shoe. According to our modern day susceptibility, the tone of the copy is actually quite condescending and offensive. However, just as the women in advertising in the 1950s were more like objects to be looked at, rather than intelligent people to be talked to, in this advertisement it is the mans turn to be dumbed down. How, if he is considered too stupid to hold a job, is poor Fred expected to understand that it is possible to have burgers with no meat? From her position as provider, protector, and boss of the home Fran tells him to shut up and eat it already and in his role as the perfect, submissive husband, always wanting to please his wife Fred always listens to Fran/He eats and eats and eats. The colour and bold type in the first line of the copy Fred lights the fire! Fran claps her hands! continues this idea of gender inequality. Fran condescendingly claps her hand as she is so amazed that Fred can actually light a fire. This advertisement is trying to counter stereotyping by using satire to ridicule the stereotypes that are so prevalent in advertising. Media uses stereotypes as a quick way of getting an audience to understand a person or a group of people based on their class, race, gender, social class and/or occupation. However, by doing so they maintain social prejudices and inequalities. The Gardenburger advertisement wants to open the consumers eyes to the dangers of stereotyping. The advertisers hope that by using satire, irony, ridicule and exaggeration consumers will question stereotypes in advertising and think about healthy alternative advertisements that promote fairness and equality. Just as they are proposing a healthy alternative to the traditional all meat burger, which for decades the food industry has encouraged us to eat despite the dangers for our health. Reference Wholesome Hearty Food, Inc. (1997, August). Gardenburgers. Vegetarian Times, p. 97

Christian Response to John Proctor and The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible John Proctor is the protagonist in The Crucible. He becomes the person who fights for what is right. As the story goes on, the secrets of Proctor are revealed, and it is discovered that he committed adultery with Abigail Williams. In prison, before he is hanged, Proctor asks, â€Å"Who will judge me? God in Heaven, what is John Proctor, what is John Proctor?† John Proctor was a confused soul who discovered what he truly believed, and did not disobey what he decided to believe. As the play starts off, and John Proctor is introduced, it becomes know that he committed adultery with Abigail, the antagonist of the play. At this point, the play tells that John has gone against his own values by committing adultery, as well as the town’s values. He starts off seeming as though he is a very confused man and does not know what to think about his relationship with Abigail. â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again.† (22). This is showing how he still likes her, but he feels he cannot commit adultery with her again. Nearing the end of The Crucible John Proctors position on his relationship has changed a good deal. He has realized how evil Abigail really is, and he has rejected their relationship. But now he must decide if he will lie about being a witch or not, and is questioning his wife on what to do. â€Å"Would you give them such a lie? Say it. Would you ever give them this? You would not, if tongs of fire were singeing you you would not! It is evil. Good, then it is evil, and I do it!† (128). At this point Proctor is unsure as to his position on whether or not he will lie an say he is a witch. Proctor’s values are being questioned. Will he lie and save his life, or die and tell the truth? On this question hinges the values and beliefs of John Proctor. As the play continues, John is still in prison, but is now signing the paper confessing he is a witch. Doing this will save his life, but it will be a lie. After he has signed this he realizes that this is horrible decision to make.

Indian Secularism: a Theological Response Essay

1. INTRODUCTION For many years religion has been a dominant force in all human societies, embracing all aspects of human life. The world was sought to be understood and explained in terms of religion. It was with the path breaking discovers in the world of physical sciences and as well as the social movements like the reformation and the renaissance that broke away the domination of religion in the middle Ages. Thus there was a gradual process by which the church and state began to be separated in the west. The first foundation of secularism began to be laid with this separation. Secularism appeared as an opponent to Christianity but in course of time, it was identified as a way of life and an interpretation of life that did not admit any kind of communal prejudice. But by and by, the secular attitudes became necessary for a modern rational society. Secularism has been a critically important development in the modern world. In India, secularism attains an added significance because of the fact that Indians have been deeply wedded to religious consideration in the past and is hardly devoid of such consideration even today. It is because of the fact that the India represents a multiplicity of socio-communal groups. Secularism is the spirit which enlightens the constitution of India. But the incorporation of secularism in India and especially into the constitution was itself the culmination of a historical process, which is the key to understand our present day secularism. Therefore one must find out the foundations on which the whole structure of Indian secularism has been raised. My seminar paper is attempt to analyse the historical back ground of the origin Indian secularism, its developments, threats that Indian secularism faces and a theological response to Indian secularism. 2. SECULARISM; DEFINITION AND ITS MEANING The term secularism was created in 1846 by George Jacob Holyoake in order to describe â€Å"a form of opinion which concerns itself only with questions, the issues of which can be tested by the experience of this life† . Holyoake was a leader of the English secularist and free thought movements. According to Holyoake government should work for the benefit of the working classes and poor based upon their needs in the here and now rather than any needs they might have for a future life or for their souls. For him secularism would mean that which seeks the development of the physical, moral, and intellectual nature of man to the highest possible point. The concept of secularism was originally developed as a non-religious philosophy focused upon the needs and concerns of humanity in this life, not the possible needs and concerns associated with any possible afterlife. . The word secular means â€Å"of this world† in Latin and is the opposite of religious . As a doctrine, secularism is usually used to describe any philosophy which forms its ethics without reference to religious dogmas and which promotes the development of human art and science. Secularism was also designed as a materialistic philosophy, both in terms of the means by which human life was to be improved and in its understanding of the nature of the universe. The first and perhaps most common understanding of â€Å"secular† today stand in opposition to â€Å"religious.† According to this usage, something is secular when it can be categorized with the worldly, civil, non-religious sphere of human life. A secondary understanding of â€Å"secular† is contrasted with anything that is regarded as holy, sacred, and inviolable. According to this usage something is secular when it is not worshipped, when it is not venerated, and when it is open for critique, judgment, and replacement . ‘In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government. This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a state religion, replacing laws based on scripture with civil laws, and eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities’ . The society which practices secularism is known as secular society or state. The salient features of secular society or state are the following. Secular society is not homogenous, but is pluralistic. It is tolerant. There is a deep respect for individuals and the small groups of which they are a part and equality for all people. Each person should be helped by society to realize their particular excellence. It breaks away the barriers of class and caste. India by its constitution is considered as a secular state . It is in this context I am trying to find the historical back ground of Indian secularism. 3. HISTORY OF INDIAN SECULARISM Secularism in India has very different meaning and implications. The word secularism has never been used in Indian context in the sense in which it has been used in Western countries. India is a country where religion is very central to the life of people. India’s age-old philosophy as expounded in Hindu scriptures called Upanishad is ‘sarvadharma samabhava’, which means equal respect for all religions . The reason behind this approach is the fact that India has never been a mono-religious country. Even before the Aryan invasion India was not a mono-religious country. There existed numerous tribal cults in Indian even before Aryan invasion and most of whom happened to be Dravidians. The advent of Christianity and Islam also added more religious traditions to existing Indian traditions. Thus it would be correct to say that India is bewilderingly diverse country in every aspect of religious, cultural and caste. Though the idea of secularism in the West was the separ ation of religion from the State, in India it acquired a different meaning and shape. It is because Indian secularism was a response to a different and unique historical situation. Religious toleration was a part of Indian historical tradition. It existed before the idea of secularism was introduced to India. It got coupled with Indian secularism and became its base and foundation. Secularism in India was conceived as a system that sustained religious and cultural pluralism. Some researchers believe that the history of Indian secularism begin with the protest movements in the 5th century B.C. The three main protest movements were by the Charvakas (a secularistic and materialistic philosophical movement), Buddhism, and Jainism. All three of them rejected the authority of the Vedas and any importance of belief in a deity . Here I am going to analysis the historical origin of Indian secularism through different stages of Indian history. 3.1 Secularism in the Pre- Colonial Period or in feudal India Under feudal system there was no competition between different religious traditions as authority resided in kings and generally there were no inter-religious tensions among the people of different religions. They co-existed in peace and harmony though at times inter-religious controversies did arise. There was also tradition of tolerance between religions due to state policies of various kings since time immemorial from Gupta Kings to Ashoka and Akbar. Many religious sects and practices kept away from rigid intolerant forms . The contribution of king Ashoka to the development of secularism or we may say the tolerant existence of all religion is admirable. His approach was more humanistic. He was very tolerant towards all religion. Ashoka gave great importance to the ideal of tolerance towards different ideologies and religions. According to Romila Thapar, Ashoka’s definition of social ethics is based on a respect for all religious teachers, and on a harmonious relationship between parents and children, teachers and pupils, and employers and employees. Contributions of kings like Ashoka and Akbar gave a solid foundation to Indian secularism . Thus Indian had a very different face of secularism, which based on the tolerance and mutual respect. But by the coming of British rule there was drastic change in understanding secularism. 3.2 Secularism in British India By the 18th century, British East India Company slowly began to gain total control over India along with it the ideas of secularism began to have impact on the Indian mind. Until then, religion was considered to be inseparable from political and social life. British codified laws pertaining to practices of each religion separately as part of their divide and rule policy. In doing so they laid the foundation for a non-uniform civil code which remains largely unchanged to date. During the British rule, the main challenge was not between religious and secular but it was between secular and communal. In the western world main struggle was between church and sate and church and civil society but in India neither Hinduism nor Islam had any church-like structure, hence there never was any such struggle between secular and religious power structure. The main struggle was between secularism and communalism. The communal forces from Hindus and Muslims mainly fought for share in power though they used their respective religions for their struggle for power . The contribution of Christian missionaries to Indian society and especially to the growth of secularism is admirable. Evangelism that they followed was based on respected freedom of choice and promoted the ideas of religious freedom. They could develop morality based on humanism which promotion of the ideas of human dignity, worth, and freedom. One of the greatest achievements of British rule was modernization of education by promotion of secular knowledge. Missionary’s social work was the application of the ideas of human dignity, equality, and worth . This gave rise to the emergence of Indian freedom fighters. Their understanding of secularism was different. They intertwined secularism with nationalism. 3.3 Secularism in modern India After independence and separation a large number of Muslims were left in India and for this reason the leaders like Gandhi and Nehru favored to keep India secular in the sense that Indian state will have no religion however people of India will be free both in individual and corporate sense to follow any religion of their birth or adoption. Thus India remained politically secular but otherwise its people continued to be deeply religious. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India was great champion of secularism and secular politics. Theoretically speaking the Congress Party was also committed to secularism. However the Congress Party consisted of several members and leaders whose secularism was in doubt. Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Surendranath Banerjee were the prominent Indian national congress leaders whose understanding of secularism was moderate. One of the most outstanding moderate leaders was Dadabhai Naoroji who was considered as the founder of secular nationalism in India. His idea of secularism was that religion and politics must be separated. He went further than this and asserted that religion must be subordinated to politics. He believed in Swaraj, according to him it can be achieved only through the political union of all Indian people belonging to various creeds and classes. For him secular nationalism was a way to mobilize and unite whole people of India belonging to different creeds and classes to fight against British whose rule created disastrous consequences on Indian economy. Since he belonged to a minority community of India, promoted and believed in the idea of religious toleration. His idea of secularization implied and represented nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-communalism. He urged Indians to subordinate their loyalty to their religion at the alter of their devotion to their nation . Nationalist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilk, Lala Lajpat Rai were of the position that Indian nationalism was religious nationalism not secular nationalism. They were known as extremists in Indian national congress. The extremist school mixed religion and politics. They used religion in arousing sentiments of nationalism among the Indian masses. They consciously and deliberately used religion as the basis of their nationalism. For them nationalism was the prime consideration and highest value which should be achieved by all means. They believed that as soon as nationalism gets deeply rooted in India, secularism would inevitably get promoted because nationalism itself is an agent of secularism. They were not in favor of a theocratic state, but they accepted the conception of India remaining a multi-religious community and firmly believed in Hindu-Muslim cooperation. They used religious symbols and terminology to expand and intensity devotion to the mother land. Their strategy was to use religious feeling and sentiments to create great love for mother land among Indians irrespective of religions. For that they revived the memories of the Vedic past of Hindus and used the neo-vedantic movements and the cult of mother worship. The negative side of this religious nationalism was that it caused for communal violence among Hindus and Muslims . Gandhi viewed secularism from a religious perspective. He believed that religion and the State are inseparable, that ir-religiosity encouraged by the State leads to demoralization of the people and that, therefore, the State’s religious policy should be pluralistic with equal respect to all religions. Mahatma Gandhi believed that all deities were manifestations of the One and all religions led to the same goal. It was this kind of a pluralistic approach to religion that made him to oppose religious conversions . Gandhi said that his opposition to conversions, especially of Christian conversions, originated from his own position that all religions were fundamentally equal and that equal respect, (Sarva-dharma-samabhava) not mutual tole rance, was the need of the hour. He also accused Christian Missions of using social services to net in converts. He argued that the Harijans had ‘no mind, no intelligence, no sense of difference between God and no-God’ and that they could no more distinguish between the relative merits than could a cow . Thus, the Gandhian pluralistic perspective of secularism disfavors conversions, especially among the Harijans for at least two reasons, firstly since no religion can claim absolute truth and since all religions are fundamentally equal, conversions are out of question and secondly secularism provides freedom of religion to all people alike without considering their intellectual ability and it is unjust. Thus the real spirit of Gandhian understanding of secularism is all inclusiveness, religious pluralism and peaceful co-existence . Jawaharlal Nehru interpreted secularism from an agnostic point of view. For him religion stands for stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition and exploitation, and preservation and exploitation of vested interests’ . During the Independence Struggle, it was Nehru, Jinnah, and Subhash Chandra Bose who upheld that it was wrong for religion to interfere in politics. According to him ‘all human enterprise should be delivered from religious dominance and should become more apparent’ . As an agnostic, he believed in rationality, secularism, and a scientific approach as the true means of progress in India. He understood that the destruction of religious superstition by secularism was the only means to a peaceful India. He viewed secularism as a great cementing force of the diverse people of India whose mind is divided on the basis of religion. For him it was the necessity of the time to replace religion with secular values to grow together in unity and fraternity. Nehru represented the Western form of secularism very well. While Gandhi stressed on the equality of all religions and religious pluralism, Nehru was more inclined towards the modernity of the Enlightenment. It was the able leadership of a secular visionary such as Nehru that held India together through out the early unstable years of the country. Nehru’s agnosticism and rationalism had no place for religious dictates in political matters. Therefore, he was able to see religion with a scientific eye and keep religious fundamentalism away from interfering in Indian politics . 4. SECULARISM IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION The concept of secularism as embodied in the Constitution of India cannot be viewed in the sense in which it is viewed in the West, but in the context of the following provisions of the Constitution: the Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience, freedom to profess, practice and propagate religion and also freedom to establish religious institutions and manage or administer their affairs. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion and guarantees legal and social equality to all by providing equality before law and equal protection of laws, prohibiting discrimination with regard to places of public importance and providing for equal opportunity in matters of public employment. The Constitution also guarantees religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice and to conserve their script, language and culture. This provision of the Constitution naturally indicates that the Indian secularism is being built upon the freedom, e quality and tolerance in the field of religion. The essence of secularism is that the state is neutral in its relationship with religions . Thus, the distinguishing features of a secular democracy as reflected by our constitution are, firstly that the state will not identify itself with or be controlled by any religion. Secondly while the state guarantees to everyone the right to profess whatever religion one chooses to follow, it will not accord any special treatment to any of them. Thirdly no discrimination will be shown by the state against any person on account of his religion and faith. Fourthly the right of every citizen, subject to any general condition to enter any office under the state will be equal to that of his fellow citizens . The basic outlines of the secularism are enshrined in the different Articles of the Constitution, they are; Preamble says India is democratic, republic, socialist, secular country. Secondly no State Religion: There shall be no ‘state religion’ in India. The state will neither establish a religion of its own nor confer any special patronage upon any particular religion. So the Indian constitution gives important to no religion but all treated equally. The distinguished characters of this secular aspect of our country can be drown from this. They are; the state will not compel any citizen to pay any tax for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution (Article 27). No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly run by state funds. Even though religious instruction is imparted in educational institutions recognized by state or receiving aid from the state, no person at lending such institution shall be compelled to receive that religious instruction without the consent of himself or of his guardian. In short, while religious instruction is totally banned in state-owned educational i nstitutions, in other denominational institutions it is not totally prohibited but it must not be imposed upon people of other religions without their consent (Article 28). Thirdly the freedom of Conscience: every person is guaranteed the freedom of conscience and the freedom to profess, practice and propagate his own religion, subject only. Fourthly, equality before law Article 14 grants equality law and equal protection by the laws to all. Article 15 enlarges the concept of secularism to the widest possible extent prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religions, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 16(1) guarantees equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public employment and reiterates that there would be no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, color, place etc. Fifthly and finally the cultural and educational right Under Article 29 and 30 certain cultural and educational rights are guaranteed. Article 29 guarantees the right of any section of the citizens residing in any part of the country having a distinct language, script or culture of its own and to conserve the same Article 30 provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . Therefore our constitution can be considered as manifesto of Indian secularism. This is sum and substance of Indian understanding of secularism. The main thrust of Indian secularism is not aversion towards religion but religious tolerance and equal respect to all. This is very different from the western understanding of secularism. But communalism, religious fundamentalism or favoritism of politicians towards particular religion create big challenge to Indian secularism. Now I am going to deal with the major threats of Indian secularism. 5. THE MAJOR THREATS OF INDIAN SECULARISM India has been declared a secular state by its written constitution and it is every Indians duty to stand by and believe in this declaration. And yet recent political and social events have questioned the secular nature of India. Is India a secular country only on paper or does secularism actually exist in India; or is in the form of pseudo- secularism, a term the BJP and its allies seem to repeatedly harp on. One of the salient features of Indian secularism is its religious tolerance or peaceful co-existence of all religion. This is violated due to communalism or fundamentalism. The B.J.P. and its aliens criticize the present day secularism as â€Å"pseudo-secularism†, which spoiled the minorities at the expense of the majority and demanded that special rights for minorities be taken away . Communalism among these parties created lot of violence in our country. The attack on the Mosque at Ayodhya led to a rash of violence across the country. The events leading to the demoliti on of Babri Masjid and their aftermath of communal carnage mark a watershed in the history of free India. The traumatic events clearly exposed the chasm that had been created between the two communities by communal forces. Today, the biggest challenge to the Indian secularism is Hindutuva.The communal forces are actively propagating the myth that Secularism is a new mask of fundamentalism. They denigrate the secular policies, which are a hindrance to Hindu Right’s unobstructed march to subjugate the oppressed in general and minorities in particular. They are equating fundamentalism with Islam; and the policies of Indian rulers with secularism, and the appeasement of mullahs as being synonymous with secular policies. Further, Hindutva forces accuse that secularism pampers the Muslims as a vote bank. The Muslims are accused of extra-territorial loyalty because they allegedly cheer for Pakistan whenever India and Pakistan play cricket. Since Muslims are being thought synonymous to fundamentalism; therefore the assertion that the Indian state is appeasing fundamentalists in the name of secularism. It is precisely on this charge that the Father of Indian Nationalism, Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated by one of the votaries of Hindutva. The Christians, who are much lesser in number, are accused of being more loyal to the Vatican. Christians are being accused of conversion, which is in way a great threat to Indian secularism. Christians are trying to convert poor Hindus with inducements of education and food. It is against the gospel values of freedom and dignity. Conversion should take place within the heart, which means with right knowledge and freedom. But the violence against Christian on the ground of conversion is not right. Who can forget the brutal burning of Graham Staines and his two minor sons by a member of the Bajrang Dal in the name of religion? Or even the rape of some sisters in Gujarat, their fault being the spreading of the word of their God. Another important hazard to Indian secularism is the lack of uniform laws for all religions. In Indian each religion has particular laws apart from the common law. It creates lot of problems regarding marriage, adoption etc. Though it is granted by our constitution which was made by British and it was the part of their divide and rule policy. This has to be changed for bringing unity among the Indians. This will help the minority sometimes to take advantage over majority. Some of these particular laws are dehumanizing and against equality that our constitution grantees to all. 6. INDIAN SECULARISM; A THEOLOGICAL RESPONSE Our father of nation, Gandhi once said that â€Å"I do not expect India of my dreams to develop one religion, i.e., to be wholly Hindu or wholly Christian or wholly Mussalman, but I want it to be wholly tolerant, with its religions working side by side with one another.† This is the dream of every citizen of India. But what we see in our present day is the big threats to our secularism, especially envisaged by our great leaders and also carved in our constitution. For Indians the concept of secularism means the peaceful, respectful co-existence of all the people in spite of differences. The time has come for each one of us as Indian theologians to discuss and find out the ways for solving or facing the major threats to our secularist existence. We need a country where all people are considered equally, treated with equitable opportunities for his or her own personal development. We need a country where all are respected not on the basis of social status but on the basis on dig nity or human value that we all possess. We all are created in the image and likeness of god. The image or dignity that we all have is the basis of our peaceful or mutual respectful co-existence, which is threatened by the communalism, religious fundamentalism etc. India being a traditional society which contains not one, but many traditions owing their origin, in part to the different religions that exist here, has retained the secular character. Ours is a society where Sufis and Bhakti saints have brought in a cultural acceptance for each other. But due to the wasted interest of some people who have concern for their careers as politicians or leaders rather than welfare of people mess our secular nature of our country. There were successful to create hateredness in the heart of Indian people. There should not be any feeling of otherness as we all have a shared history. What we have to develop is humanistic secularism where all are respected on the basis of each one’s dignity. Our rights and obligations are grounded in the dignity of people and which helps us live in communion with god and in solidarity with others . The pastoral constitution of second Vatican Council, GS 24 says, ‘God, who has fatherly concern for everyone, has willed that all men should constitute one family and treat on another in a spirit of brotherhood. For having been created in the image of God†¦all men are called to one and the same goal, namely, God himself†¦ for this reason, love of God and neighbor is the first and greatest commandment†¦indeed, the lord Jesus, when he prayer to the father, â€Å"that all may be one†¦ as we are one†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ opened up vistas closed to human reason. For he implied a certain likeness between the union of the divine persons, and in the union of god’s sons in truth and charity. This likeness reveals that man, who is the only creature on the earth which god willed for it, cannot fully find himself except through sincere gift of himself’. Therefore, as we are having not one history but many history of different religious origin, we need to develop feeling of members of same family with equal dignity and right. Today what we need is community based on love, toleration, mutual acceptance. For this we need new metaphors of love which will empower us in our enterprise for creating solidarity with social group, building bridges between communities. Jesus gave us the law of love, to love one’s neighbor as oneself. He preached against retaliation, and showed the way of forgiving. We need to create mutual respect for all accepting each other as equals, and members of same family which is prime spirit of Indian secularism. Being Christian we are accused on conversion, which in fact one of the causes for persecutions against us. But the original theology of church does not tell us that we have to spread the gospel by any means. According to Jesus conversion is from the heart. Real conversion takes place in the heart. It pulls us away from the forceful conversion. By forceful conversion I mean is that conversion without full knowledge and freedom. We make people as members of church by offering food, education but real conversion should happen by means of our selfless service. People of other religions of India respect our selfless service to the humanity. There is truth in every religion. All religion gives the way to god. Therefore conversion doses not look nice in our present day society. India’s secularism and its constitution articulate the basic assumption of India’s people, namely, that religions are not contradictorily opposed but complementarily related, not withstanding their serious differences. This assumption is in keeping with the ideal of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. The wisdom of secularism India is that it promotes true religiosity, as envisaged in Indian constitution, and as enunciated in the preamble to the constitution: justice, liberty, equality and fraternity . Therefore what we need is that practice of Indian religiosity which is based on justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Goyal, Raju. Secularism and Indian thought. Ritu Publishers, Delhi, 2000. 2. Kalliath, Antony and Irudaya, Raj., ed. Indian Secularism: A Theological Response. Indian Theological Association,2010. 3. Khan, Kamaluddin. Secularism in India: A Brief Study. Patna University press, 2006. 4. Marbaniang, Domenic. Secularism in India: A Historical Outline, 2005. 5. Tejani, Shabnum. Indian secularism; A Social and Intellectual History. Permanent Black Press, Ranikhet, 2007. 6. Secularism in India accessed on 9 January 2012; available from www.civilserviceindia.com. 7. Secularism accessed on 10 December 2012; available from w.w.w. Wikipedia.com.

Creative writing: Mines

It had been war but on Saturday morning the war had stopped and the beach down the road stretched enticingly in a gleam and glister of sand and gleaming sea. Deep holes in which the men and women of war had hid in for protection from gunfire and dropping bombs. It now laid silent sound of waves lapping the shore. I was eleven and old enough to be aloud out where ever I wanted to go with my friends. Sean, Nick and I stood in our sandals with our eyes gazing at this watery paradise when to my fury I realized that my eight year old sister Sam had tagged along â€Å"Go away† I shouted † You are not old enough to go out with me† She looked smug â€Å"Dad's gone into town and mum has left us so you have to look after me remember!† I glared at her and pulled a face of pure sisterly hatred but Sean shrugged and said, â€Å"Are we going to the beach or what?† To tell the truth in the first place we were scared to go on the beach even before Sam had showed up in all of her curvaceous glory. It wasn't the fact that the whole beach had signs around it saying, â€Å"beware of mines keep out!† But no one had exactly told us we weren't aloud to go for a swim. In one way or another we did not want our parents to no that we had gone down to the beach for a swim but it was the fact that there was no fence there to keep us out from the gorges archers of sand and miles of sea. I glanced at Sam again â€Å"Go away† I shouted â€Å"Never† â€Å"Well don't blame me if you get hurt!† After that we all ran throw off our sandals and jumped into the cool refreshing sea. We surfed the giant crashing waves out to sea leaving Sam sitting alone on the beach. We wondered around the rocky floor of the cliffs and rock pools. We climbed up the cliffs, leaving a trail of falling rocks and mud we dumped off of the cliffs in to the sea and through stones at pesky Seagulls, We sat in rock pools and ate stale bread and drank bad water left over from the war. Sam's upset little face made us all feel a little bad inside. We dared each other to climb over the most dangerous rocks and into some of biggest rock pools that you could have ever seen. We also dared each other to look inside the pockets of the dead soldiers that lay scattered and dead all over the rocks from men desperately trying to climb the giant cliffs to safety. Soaked and covered with sand we began to head towards home. I than heard something that I will remember for the rest of my life I heard a giant explosion and me and my friends were knocked clean of are feet as we got up I felt a lot of pain I had bits of shrapnel shot into my legs and arms and stomach. Than Sean shouted â€Å"where's Sam† â€Å"I don't know† I replied â€Å"She's your sister go and find her† Than I heard her screaming for help. I was terrified I could not see anything there was too much smoke and dust from the explosion. Than I saw it a trail of blood in the sand and only half my sister Sam, laying there she had lost half of 1 leg and the whole of the other leg. She was screaming to me â€Å"help help oh please help† I shouted for help and only Sean had come because Nick had ran home in pain from the bomb. When Sean came we both had to pick her up Sean was also in a lot of pain from the mine Because he had broken his hand on the way down to the from the explosion we both pulled her up and carried her all the way home struggling trying to keep the blood from gushing from her legs. By this time she had fallen unconscious we didn't know if she was dead or not all that mattered to me was getting her to the hospital that had been set up during the war for injured soldiers. We finally got her there and there and the took her inside right away into another room we tried to follow but we were stopped and taken into an office to be treated ourselves. Than two hours later my dad showed up he was pale and looked sick. He saw me and sat down and started to talk to me † Your sister was very badly injured in the explosion† he said quietly † I know,† I said â€Å"Well she didn't make it she bleed to death in surgery† He said very sadly â€Å"I want you to show me were it happened and tell me everything† he said very sternly My mouth was dry I couldn't say a word I was to upset about the loss of my sister I just said very gently â€Å"ok† I took him down to the beach and showed him were it had happened and told him everything that we did that day leaving out some of the stuff that he would have told me off about like playing with the left over guns. He saw the blood and one of her legs with half of the mine wedged into it. His face turned wight and turned away from it and started to walk home.

Innovation at Toyota Essays

Innovation at Toyota Essays Innovation at Toyota Paper Innovation at Toyota Paper 1. Introduction What is Innovation? Innovation refers to the act of creating new products or processes. There are two main types of innovation: Product innovation Process innovation. Product innovation is the development of products that are new to the world or have superior attributes to existing products. Process innovation is the development of a new process for producing products and delivering them to customers. Examples include Toyota, which developed a range of new techniques known as the Toyota lean production system for making automobiles: just-in-time inventory systems, self-managing teams, and reduced set-up times for complex equipment. Product innovation creates value by creating new products, or enhanced versions of existing products, that customers perceive as having more utility, thus increasing the company’s pricing options. Process innovation often allows a company to create more value by lowering production costs. Toyota’s lean production system, for example, helped to boost employee productivity, thus giving Toyota a cost-based competitive advantage. In the long run, innovation of products and processes is perhaps the most important building block of competitive advantage. Competition can be viewed as a process driven by innovations. Although not all innovations succeed, those that do can be a major source of competitive advantage because they give a company something unique- something its competitors lack. Uniqueness can allow a company to differentiate itself from its rivals and charge a premium price for its product or, in the case of many process innovations, reduce its unit costs far below those of competitors. A company can achieve a lower cost structure is by pioneering process innovations. A process innovation is an innovation in the way production processes operate that improves their efficiency. Process innovations have often been a major source of competitive advantage. Toyota’s competitive advantage is based partly on the company’s invention of new flexible manufacturing processes that dramatically reduced set up times. This process innovation enabled it to obtain efficiency gains associated with flexible manufacturing systems years ahead of its competitors. In many ways, innovation is the most important source of competitive advantage. This is because innovation can result in new products that better satisfy customer needs, can improve the quality (attributes) of existing products, or can reduce the costs of making products that customers want. The ability to develop innovative new products or processes gives a company a major competitive advantage that allows it to Differentiate its products and charge a premium price Lower its cost structure below that of its rivals. Competitors, however, attempt to imitate successful innovations and often succeed. Therefore, maintaining a competitive advantage requires a continuing commitment to innovation. Successful new product launches are major drivers of profitability.

A Simple Guide to Become a School Board Member

A Simple Guide to Become a School Board Member The school board is the governing body of a school district. Board members are the only elected officials within an individual school district who have a say in the daily operations of that school district. A district is only as good as the board members who make up the entirety of the board. Becoming a school board member is not for everyone: You must be willing to listen to and work with others and be an adept and active problem solver. Boards where members bond and agree on most issues usually oversee an effective school district. Boards that are split and feud often have disarray and turmoil, which ultimately undermines the mission of schools in the district. A boards decisions matter: Poor decisions can lead to ineffectiveness, but good decisions will improve the overall quality of the school or schools in the district. Qualifications to Run for School Board There are five common qualifications that most states have in order to be eligible to be a candidate in a school board election. A school board candidate must: Be a registered voter.Be a resident of the district she is running inHave at least a high school diploma or a certificate of high school equivalencyNot have been convicted of a felonyNot be a current employee of the district and/or be related to a current employee in that district. Although these are the most common qualifications necessary to run for school board, it does vary from state to state. Check with your local election board for a more detailed list of required qualifications. Reasons to Become a School Board Member Becoming a school board member is a serious commitment. It takes quite a bit of time and dedication to be an effective school board member. Unfortunately, not every person who runs for a school board election is doing it for the right reasons. Each individual who chooses to be a candidate in a school board election does so for his own personal reasons. Candidates may run for a school board seat because they: Have a child in the district and want to have a direct impact on their education.Love politics and want to be an active participant in the political aspects of the school district.Want to serve and support the district.Believe they can make a difference in the overall quality of education that the school is providing.Have a personal vendetta against a teacher/coach/administrator and want to get rid of them. Composition of the School Board A school board is usually made up of three, five or seven members depending on the size and configuration of that district. Each position is an elected one and terms are typically either four or six years. Regular meetings are held once a month, typically at the same time each month (such as the second Monday of each month). A school board typically is made up of a president, vice president, and secretary. The positions are nominated and chosen by the board members themselves. Officer positions are typically chosen once a year. Duties of the School Board A school board is designed as the principle democratic body that represents local citizens on education and school-related issues. Being a school board member isn’t easy. Board members have to stay up-to-date on current educational issues, must be able to understand education jargon and have to listen to parents and other community members who want to pitch their idea on how to improve the district. The role of the board of education plays in a school district is vast. The board is responsible for hiring/evaluating/terminating the district superintendent. This is probably the most important duty of the board of education. The district’s superintendent is the face of the district and is ultimately responsible for managing the daily operations of the school district. Every district needs a superintendent who is trustworthy and who has a good relationship with their board members. When a superintendent and school board are not on the same page, chaos can ensue. The board of education develops policy and direction for the school district. The board of education also: Prioritizes and approves the budget for the school district.Has the final say on hiring school personnel and/or terminating a current employee in the district.Establishes the vision that reflects the overall goals of the community, staff, and the board.Makes decisions on school expansion or closure.Manages the collective bargaining process for the district’s employees.Approves many components of the district’s daily operations including the school calendar, contracts with outside vendors and curriculum The duties of a board of education are much more comprehensive than those listed above. Board members put in a lot of time in what essentially amounts to a volunteer position. Good board members are invaluable to a school district’s development and success.  The most effective school boards are arguably those that have a direct impact on nearly every facet of the school but do so in obscurity rather than the limelight.

Amygdalas Location and Function

Amygdala's Location and Function The amygdala is an almond-shaped mass of nuclei (mass of cells) located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain. There are two amygdalae, one situated in each brain hemisphere. The amygdala is a limbic system structure that is involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival. It is involved in the processing of emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. The amygdala is also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event evokes. Amygdala and Fear The amygdala is involved in autonomic responses associated with fear and hormonal secretions. Scientific studies of the amygdala have led to the discovery of the location of neurons in the amygdala that are responsible for fear conditioning. Fear conditioning is an associative learning process by which we learn through repeated experiences to fear something. Our experiences can cause brain circuits to change and form new memories. For example, when we hear an unpleasant sound, the amygdala heightens our perception of the sound. This heightened perception is deemed distressing and memories are formed associating the sound with unpleasantness. If the noise startles us, we have an automatic flight or fight response. This response involves the activation of the sympathetic division of the peripheral nervous system. Activation of the nerves of the sympathetic division results in accelerated heart rate, dilated pupils, increase in metabolic rate, and increase in blood flow to the muscles. This activity is coordinated by the amygdala and allows us to respond appropriately to danger. Anatomy The amygdala is composed of a large cluster of around 13 nuclei. These nuclei are subdivided into smaller complexes. The basolateral complex is the largest of these subdivisions and is composed of the lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus, and accessory basal nucleus. This nuclei complex has connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Information from the olfactory system is received by two separate groups of amygdaloid nuclei, the cortical nuclei, and medial nucleus. Nuclei of the amygdala also make connections with the  hypothalamus and brainstem. The hypothalamus is involved in emotional responses and helps to regulate the endocrine system. The brainstem relays information between the cerebrum and spinal cord. Connections to these areas of the brain allow amygdaloid nuclei to process information from sensory areas (cortex and thalamus) and areas associated with behavior and autonomic function (hypothalamus and brainstem). Function The amygdala is involved in several functions of the body including: ArousalAutonomic responses associated with fearEmotional responsesHormonal secretionsMemory Sensory Information The amygdala receives sensory information from the thalamus and from the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement. The cerebral cortex processes sensory information obtained from vision, hearing, and other senses and is involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and planning. Location Directionally, the amygdala is located deep within the temporal lobes, medial to the hypothalamus and adjacent to the hippocampus. Amygdala Disorders Hyperactivity of the amygdala or having one amygdala that is smaller than the other has been associated with fear and anxiety disorders. Fear is an emotional and physical response to danger. Anxiety is a psychological response to something that is perceived as dangerous. Anxiety can lead to panic attacks that occur when the amygdala sends signals that a person is in danger, even when there is no real threat. Anxiety disorders that are associated with the amygdala include Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and social anxiety disorder. Sources Sah, P., Faber, E., Lopez De Armentia, L., Power, J. (2003). The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology. Physiological Reviews, 83(3), 803-834. doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2003

The Concept Of Political Correctness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Concept Of Political Correctness - Essay Example After much struggle and various trials and errors, our society has made a conscious effort to end racial bigotry in all its forms. This has given rise to the concept of political correctness. We have only to look at television programming and content to realize how stereotyping is perpetuated and accepted. In most television shows, the man portrayed as gay usually always has a lisp, the rapper is black, and the Latino is an illegal immigrant. The reality is far from it. We have only to look at the media to prove the point; in this case, we look at media celebrities. Clay Aiken and Ricky Martin, both gay men, do not have a lisp; Eminem, one of the best rappers of America, is white; George Lopez is not an illegal immigrant, in fact, he is an American born Latino.The Native-Americans find their lot no better. We have teams named â€Å"Indians† and â€Å"Chiefs† which portray stereotypical Native-Americans hooked noses, and feathers, as their mascots and logos, said to hono r the Native-Americans. Never mind the racially motivated names of the teams, their mascots and logos are enough to prove that it is no homage to the Native Americans, but massive stereotyping at work. In our times, it is unacceptable that any group of people is discriminated against, yet by perpetuating the stereotypes and tolerating them, we end up being passive bigots, as we, passively, accept that certain groups of people either look or behave in a certain way when we do not object to the stereotypical portrayal of such people.

Differences and connections between groupware and ordinary databases Essay

Differences and connections between groupware and ordinary databases - Essay Example The significance of Groupware technology spawned by CSWC cannot be underestimated in the modern interactive world. This technology designed to facilitate and allow for ease of work amongst members of a group is nothing but a remarkable achievement. This technology has found usage in communication, cooperation, coordination, negotiation, and even competition amongst members of a defined group. This technology relies on modern computer networks, newsgroups, chatting networks, and even videophone Mills, (2011) In a globalizing world, it is important to find a way of connecting people in diverse areas across the globe. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is the field of study that has made the adoption, design and usage of groupware possible. But this field is not restricted entirely to work or cooperation in any sense, but can also be used to examine other aspects of social dynamics such as competition and play Mills,(2011). This basically means that unlike ordinary databases whose purpose can only be defined and will only require software designing and engineering, groupware may require the concerted effort of social and organizational behavior experts, business people, computer scientists, communication researchers, organization psychologists, anthropologists, to name just a few specialties. Designing a Groupware involves an in-depth understanding of groups and how people behave while in a groups. This is not a requirement in the design of the Ordinary User Interface. Further, designing a workable Groupware will require a coherent understanding of networking technology and how the various aspect of this system works, whether subtle or complex. It will be ideal to understand how instances of delay in synchronizing will affect the experience of the user. But it is also important to point out that all the other basic issues of traditional user interface remains relevant because

Personal and Profesional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal and Profesional Development - Essay Example On the other hand, professional development is a continuous improvement in a person’s career, not a one-time thing; it aims at assessing and skill improvement to increase one’s value in an organization. This enhances individual’s future in an organization especially with the ever changing and advanced world of modernity and technological enhancement (Masters, Wallace & Harwood, 2011). Professional development includes several facilitated learning opportunities which range from college degrees or university to formal coursework, seminars, conferences as well as informal learning, Professional development is known to be intensive and collaborative due to its evaluative stages. Therefore, it has to be noted that Professional development comprises several approaches that include the following, reflective supervision, lesson study, consultation, mentorship, coaching and technical assistance. There are several individual who participate in professional development on the daily basis from different fields with an aim of enhancing their demand at the place of work, for instance, health practitioners, lawyers, teachers, military officers and accountants just to mention a few, engage in professional development with an objective of lifelong learning as a way of improving professional competence in order to boost their career, to keep pace with ever-changing technology and practice or sometime to comply with a measure put in place by organizational regulatory body, in some cases individuals may be subjected to meet the professional development courses as a requirement established by human resource department (Wadhwa, 2008). Personal development, on the other hand, may comprise the art of developing other people too. This can be achieved through roles, for instance, mentoring or teaching by the way of personal competence.( for example, a manager who has particular skill, may use it

The Cultural Clash of a Wedding between a Catholic Priest and a Female Essay

The Cultural Clash of a Wedding between a Catholic Priest and a Female Buddhist - Essay Example Culture plays an important role in every society especially when it comes to religion and gender roles. This aspect has had a major impact on how various people from cultural backgrounds and different gender go about their duties within the society. Ingram states that some cultures and religious doctrines are to a certain degree non-conforming therefore, a major cultural clash can occur in the event of the interaction of the two religious setups that may profess extreme doctrines (6). This is especially so when it involves the incorporation of gender as each religious doctrine associate men and women with specific gender roles. The main aim of this essay is to discuss two distinct cultures and identify the cultural clash that may arise when a wedding between a female Buddhist and Catholic father take place. Religious and cultural doctrines under the Roman Catholic Church Believed to be the earliest Christian Church, the Catholic Church like any other Christian Church, believes in cre ation and life after death. The church practices a number of doctrines that place women at a certain level within the society. Worshipping I the dioceses and parishes, the Catholic hopefuls, men and women included, partake of the mass and to a certain degree, confine their religious teachings within the Bible. The worshippers believe in trinity and the resurrection of Jesus Christ and they confirm this by baptism and partaking of the Holy Sacrament. Most worshippers believe in religious symbols of Jesus and Mary as a way of connecting to God. When it comes to gender and sexuality issues, the Catholic Church is especially restrictive to women holding positions of power like the papacy and fatherhood. In addition, men who have devoted their lives to Christ ought not to marry (Ingram 22). Religious and cultural doctrines in Buddhism Unlike their Christian counterparts, the Buddhists believe in the Three Jewels, often referred to as the Three Refugees. The Buddha, the Four Noble Truths, and the Four Reminders, talk about human life and the essence of his existence although some of the details contained therein may significantly differ with Christian beliefs (Ingram 24). When it comes to gender roles, there is perception that women ought to be equal to men although there are certain discrepancies. The monks and nuns ordain the nuns while only the monks ordain themselves. According to the Buddhist philosophy, enlightenment of a person can elevate their social status irrespective of their gender, a perception that has infiltrated several Buddhist cultures through western modernization (Ingram 36). The clash between the Roman Catholic and the Buddhist culture Although there are some elements of resemblance between the Buddhist and Catholic belief systems, significant inconsistencies surface across the across the cultural divide of the two cultures. According to Ingram, certain similarities do exist especially pertaining to the exclusive importance accorded to life wit hout due regard to the specific gender. These include the right to life, refraining from sexual misconduct, practice of high morals, and the belief in a supernatural being, which has spiritual reign over all that inhabit the earth (26). However, there are notable differences between the two cultures that may lead to a scenario of a cultural clash, in case circumstances force the two cultures to interact (Ingram 32). The major one being that generally, Buddhists are polytheists while the Christian Catholics are monotheists. While Christians follow one Almighty God, most Buddhists have specific gods for certain incidences of life, for example the god of life, the god of marriage, and the god of the skies. Christians do believe in the good old story of creation of mankind and life after death while to the Buddhists, it is a bit twisted in that they do not regard the story of creation while at the same time ignoring what happens after life on earth as

Research Methods College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods College - Essay Example Cheerfulness enhances the quality of life and improves productivity. A positive outlook makes one upwardly mobile. A cheerful disposition naturally reaches out to help someone. This person is not sticking out his neck. He knows he is doing something within reach. He knows he is capable. He simply reaches out, achieves the purpose and continues with his course. He radiates life and all the issues that make life happy and purposeful. It is difficult to say if strengths outweigh weaknesses. If it was so easy for strengths to outweigh weaknesses, almost everybody would be happy. Even the happiest people go through bouts of depression and anxiety. However, happy people have the resilience to bounce back. They do not carry forward their depressions to another day. As a matter of fact, going through depressions and anxieties improve resilience. They make a person stronger. It is mentioned that for every 17 articles on negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, there was only one article that dealt with the emotion of joy (Happiness). Basically, it is hope that drives man to live on. As long as man has life, he also has hope. Irrespective of his constant state of mind, there is the urge within man to press on. He knows better days are ahead. Even the most hardened skeptic harbors the notion that there is the silver lining. In the ultimate analysis, one has to learn to live above factors that make for weaknesses.

Mass Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mass Culture - Essay Example The distinction between 'serious' and 'popular' music was tackled by Adorno. Serious music is perceived as refined music compared to popular music. Serious music is regarded as highbrow as distinct from popular music which is considered lowbrow. (Witney, 2002). However, Adorno rejects these categories as a basis for making a distinction between serious and popular music. Adorno stressed that the works of early Viennese classicism were rhythmically simpler than the common arrangements of jazz. He further pointed out that based on melody, the wide intervals of â€Å"Deep Purple' and 'Sunrise Serenade' makes these much more difficult to emulate compared to Haydn. In particular, he explained that the supply of chords of the classics is limited compared to a modern composer who culls from Debussy, Ravel and later sources' (Adorno 1990:305). The rallying point of Adorno was the question of whether culture validated the experience of the individual or whether culture had eclipsed it. (Ridlesss, 1984). According to Adorno and Horkheimer, under monopoly, all mass culture is identical. Movies and radio are not art but businesses made into an ideology to reinforce the rubbish they produce. These businesses refer to themselves as industries. Some persons explain the culture industry in technological terms. They state that reproduction processes are necessary that would require similar needs in many places to be satisfied with identical goods. Adorno and Horkheimer stipulate that the standards were based on consumers’ needs. ' needs. The basis on which technology acquires power over society is the power of those whose economic hold over society is at its greatest. A technological rationale is the aim of domination itself. It is the coercive nature of society alienated from itself. The outcome is that the technology of the culture industry resulted in standardization and mass production. (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993). Moreover, Adorno and Horkheimer states that the man with leisure has to accept everything that the culture manufacturers offer him. The industry robs the individual of his function since the industry does the schematizing and classification for him. (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993). Adorno and Horkheimer stated that style is significant in every work of art. The artistic expression is imbedded in the style or into the language of music, painting and words. The promise a work of art holds depends on how it will create truth by lending new shape to the conventional social forms. The fulfillment of art lies in their aesthetic derivatives. (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993). The culture industry is basically a spectacle which is illusory. In the face of the person who isstimulated by all those brilliant names and images there is an ode to the depressing everyday world it sought to escape. The culture industry is essentially pornographic and prudish. Love is further downgraded to romance. After the descent, license becomes a specialty, it is knows as "daring. The stronger the positions of the culture industry become, the more it can handle consumers' needs by manufacturing them, manipulating them, disciplining them, and even by withdrawing amusement from them. (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993). In the culture industry, the individual is an illusion due to the standardization of the means of production. The reactions of human beings have been reified that the idea of anything specific to themselves shows as an abstract notion. The emphasis is on bodily perfections devoid of distinction. The triumph of advertising in the culture industry is that consumers feel compelled to buy and use its products even though they see through them. (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993). Stuart Hall's encoding and decoding diagram is closely related to the works of Eco, Adorno and Horkheimer. Hall showed that production practices in television translate into a message, a sign-vehicle which is organized by means of a set of codes

Research Methods College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods College - Essay Example Cheerfulness enhances the quality of life and improves productivity. A positive outlook makes one upwardly mobile. A cheerful disposition naturally reaches out to help someone. This person is not sticking out his neck. He knows he is doing something within reach. He knows he is capable. He simply reaches out, achieves the purpose and continues with his course. He radiates life and all the issues that make life happy and purposeful. It is difficult to say if strengths outweigh weaknesses. If it was so easy for strengths to outweigh weaknesses, almost everybody would be happy. Even the happiest people go through bouts of depression and anxiety. However, happy people have the resilience to bounce back. They do not carry forward their depressions to another day. As a matter of fact, going through depressions and anxieties improve resilience. They make a person stronger. It is mentioned that for every 17 articles on negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, there was only one article that dealt with the emotion of joy (Happiness). Basically, it is hope that drives man to live on. As long as man has life, he also has hope. Irrespective of his constant state of mind, there is the urge within man to press on. He knows better days are ahead. Even the most hardened skeptic harbors the notion that there is the silver lining. In the ultimate analysis, one has to learn to live above factors that make for weaknesses.

Almost One of the Gods. The Odyssey, by Homer Essay Example for Free

Almost One of the Gods. The Odyssey, by Homer Essay An epic hero is one who does not act irrationally and contemplates his actions and their implications. Odysseus, of Homers The Odyssey, is an appropriate epic hero because he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. Numerous examples are found throughout The Odyssey. Such illustrations include Odysseus conflict with the Cyclops, the Sirens, and Scylla and Charybdis. First, Odysseus proves that he is a mortal laudable of being dubbed an epic hero during his conflict with the Cyclops. Odysseus shows evidence of his intellectual abilities by first devising a plan to disable the Cyclops and then by cleverly telling the Cyclops that his name is Noman. Odysseus exemplifies his physical strength by putting his plan into action and ramming a monstrous spear into the Cyclops eye. Later, when the Cyclops calls for help, he says that Noman is doing harm to him. Another event in which Odysseus displays his physical and intellectual abilities is during his passing of the Sirens. Odysseus shows that he has wisdom by listening to the goddess Circes advice and putting wax into his crews ears so they will not take notice of the Sirens and try to swim across the ocean to them. He also has his crew lash him to the mast so he can listen to the Sirens without being able to jump out of the boat. This incident also tells of Odysseus physical force because when he attempts to free himself from the mast the crewmen have to fasten him down even tighter. Finally, Odysseus confirms his great intellectual aptitudes by getting past Scylla and Charybdis. Odysseus, following Circes instructions, avoids Charybdis, and chooses the side of the six-headed monster, Scylla. Odysseus recognizes that the six-headed beast is too large for him to mà ªlà ©e with and rows very swiftly, successfully surpassing it. In conclusion, Odysseus is a perfect example of an epic hero. Odysseus has all of the traits of an epic hero. He has verified these qualities in many intricate situations in which he always gets out of and is always prepared for.

Three Phase System Outline

Three Phase System Outline Single phase systems are defined by having an AC source with only one voltage waveform. Figure 1 is a simple AC circuit. Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, because the cost of a single-phase distribution network is low. Figure 1:- Single phase system schematic diagram Today most of the electrical power generated in the world is three-phase. Three-phase power was first conceived by Nikola Tesla. Three-phase power was the most efficient way that electricity could be produced, transmitted, and consumed. A three-phase generator has three separate but identical windings that are 1200 electrical apart from one another. 5.2 Three Phase Circuit Three-phase voltage systems are composed of three sinusoidal voltages of equal magnitude, equal frequency and separated by 120 degrees, as shown in Figure 2. It is one voltage cycle of a 3 phase system. It is labeled 0 to 360 ° (2 Ï€ radians) along the time axis. The plotted lines show the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) over time. This power wave cycle will repeat usually  50 (50Hz), 60 (60Hz), or 400 (400Hz)  times per second, depending on the power system  frequency (Hz). The colors of the lines are in the  American Color Code for 3-phase wiring. It is black=VL1  red=VL2blue=VL3. Figure 2:- Three phase waveforms Three phase systems may or may not have a neutral wire. The neutral wire allows 3 phase systems to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower voltage 1 phase appliances. In  high voltage 3 phase distribution  situations it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection). 5.2.1 Advantage over Single Phase system Three phase system is better to single phase system. The reason for the advantage over single phase system is given below. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors and the KVA (kilo-volt-amp) rating of three-phase transformers is about 150% greater than for single-phase motors or transformers with a similar frame size. Figure 3:- Single-phase power falls to zero three times each cycle. Figure 4:- Three-phase power never falls to zero. The power delivered by a single-phase system pulsates, as shown in Figure 3. The power falls to zero three times during each cycle. The power delivered by a three-phase circuit pulsates also, but it never falls to zero, as shown in Figure 4. In a three-phase system, the power delivered to the load is the same at any instant. This produces superior operating characteristics for three-phase motors. In a balanced three-phase system, the conductors need be only about 75% the size of conductors for a single-phase two-wire system of the same KVA rating. This helps offset the cost of supplying the third conductor required by three-phase systems. If a magnetic field is rotate through the conductors of a stationary coil then a single phase alternating voltage can be produced. This explanation is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5:- A single-phase voltage. Since alternate polarities of the magnetic field cut through the conductors of the stationary coil, the induced voltage will change polarity at the same speed as the rotation of the magnetic field. The alternator shown in Figure 5 is single phase because it produces only one AC voltage. Figure 6:- The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. If three separate coils are spaced 120 ° apart, as shown in Figure 6, three voltages 120 ° out of phase with each other will be produced when the magnetic field cuts through the coils. This is the manner in which a three-phase voltage is produced. 5.2.2 Classification Three-phase supply voltages and load systems have two basic configurations: a). wye or star connection and b). delta connection. 5.3 Star and Delta connection The Wye is a 4-wire system. Wye configurations typically include a neutral line (N) connected to the common point (3 phase plus neutral for a total of four wires), as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7:- A wye connections is formed by joining one end of each of the windings together. The Delta, as shown in Figure 8, is a 3-wire system which is primarily used to provide power for three-phase motor loads. The system is normally ungrounded and has only one three-phase voltage available. The lack of a system ground makes it difficult to protect for ground faults. Often, a ground detection scheme, employing ground lamps, is used to provide an indication or alarm in the event of a system ground. The Delta System is sometimes corner grounded to protect for ground faults on the other two phases. Figure 8:- Three-phase delta connection 5.4 Phasor diagrams 5.4.1 Star connection The voltage measured across a single winding or phase is known as the phase voltage, as shown in Figure 9. The voltage measured between the lines is known as the line-to-line voltage or simply as the line voltage. The currents flowing in the phases are called phase currents and currents flowing in the lines are called line currents. Figure 9:- Line and phase voltages are different in a wye connection. The parallelogram method of vector addition for the voltages in a wye-connected three-phase system is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows how the line voltage may be obtained using the normal parallelogram addition. Figure 10:- Phasor diagram of Star connection Voltage However, the line voltage is not equal to the phase voltage. The line voltage V1-2 is equal to the phasor difference of VA and VB. The line voltage V2-3 is equal to the phasor difference of VB and VC. The line voltage V3-1 is equal to the phasor difference of VC and VA. The line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. Here V1-2, V2-3, V3-1 are the line voltage (VLine) and VA, VB, VC are the phase voltage (VPhase) of Wye connection. VA, VB, VC are the reverse phase voltage of VA,VB, VC. The two phasors VA and VB are 600 apart. V1-2 = VLine = VA VB = [VPhase (-VPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 VPhase cos300 = √3 VPhase The two phasors VB and VC are 600 apart. V2-3 = VLine = VB-VC = √3 VPhase The two phasors VC and VA are 600 apart. V3-1 = VLine = VC-VA = √3 VPhase  Ã…“ V1-2 = V2-3 = V3-1 = line voltage = VLine =√3 VPhase Current On a Wye system or star connected supply, the phase unbalance current is carried by the neutral. On a Wye system, the line current (current in the line) (ILine) is equal to the phase current (current in a phase) (IPhase) i.e. ILine = IPhase Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 (VLine/√3) ILine cosÃŽ ¦ [for Wye connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine and ILine are the line voltage and the line current of a star connected supply. The term cosÃŽ ¦ is called power factor of the circuit and its value is given by; cosÃŽ ¦ = R/Z Where R and Z are the resistance and impedance of a circuit. 5.4.2 DELTA CONNECTIONS In Figure 11, voltmeters have been connected across the lines and across the phase. Ammeters have been connected in the line and in the phase. Figure 11:- Voltage and current relationships in a delta connection The delta connection is similar to a parallel connection because there is always more than one path for current flow. Since these currents are 120 ° out of phase with each other, vector addition must be used when finding the sum of the currents, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12:- Phasor Diagram of Delta connection Voltage In the delta connection, the three voltages are equal in magnitude but displaced 1200 from one another. In the delta connection, line voltage (VLine) and phase voltage (Vphase) are the same. VLine = Vphase Current In the delta connection, the line current and phase current are different. The line current is the vector sum of two individual phase currents. The line current I1 is equal to the phasor difference of IA and IC. The line current I2 is equal to the phasor difference of IB and IA. The line current I3 is equal to the phasor difference of IC and IB. The line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB. Here I1, I2, I3 are the line current (ILine) and IA, IB, IC are the phase current (IPhase) of Wye connection. IA, IB, IC are the reverse phase current of IA, IB, IC. The two phasors IA and IC are 600 apart. I1 = ILine = IA IC = [IPhase (-IPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 IPhase cos300 = √3 IPhase The two phasors IB and IA are 600 apart. I2 = ILine = IB IA = √3 IPhase The two phasors IC and IB are 600 apart. I3 = ILine = IC IB = √3 IPhase  Ã…“ I1 = I2 = I3 = ILine = line current = √3 IPhase However, the line current of a delta connection is higher than the phase current by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 VLine- (ILine/√3) cosÃŽ ¦ [for delta connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine, ILine and cosÃŽ ¦ are the line voltage, the line current and power factor of a delta connected supply. 5.5 Relationship between line and phase quantities 5.5.1 Star connection On a Wye system, the line current is equal to the phase current i.e. ILine = IPhase Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of Wye connection. In a wye connected system, the line voltage is higher than the phase voltage by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Two formulas used to compute the voltage in a wye connected system are: VLine = √3 VPhase = 1.732 VPhase  Ã…“ VPhase = VLine / 1.732 Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of Wye connection. 5.5.2 Delta connection In the delta connection, line voltage and phase voltage are the same. VLine = Vphase Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of delta connection. Formulas for determining the current in a delta connection are: Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of delta connection. 5.6 Power measurement by two watt meters method In two wattmeters method, current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any two terminals of Wye system, as shown in Figure 13. The algebraic sum of two wattmeters gives the total power consumed whether the load is balanced or not i.e. Total power = W1 + W2 Figure 13:- Wye connected load Figure 14:- Phasor Diagram The power factor angle of load impedance being ÃŽ ¦ lag. The currents will lag behind their respective phase voltages by ÃŽ ¦ as shown in Fig. 14. Current through current coil of W1 = IA. Potential difference across potential coil of W1, V1-2 = VA VB. The phase angle between V1-2 and IA is (300 + ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W1 = V1-2 IA cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) Current through current coil of W2 = IB. Potential difference across potential coil of W2, V2-3 = VB-VC. The phase angle between V2-3 and IB is (300 ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W2 = V2-3 IB cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) Here load is balanced, V1-2 = V2-3 = VLine = line voltage and IA = IB = ILine = line current.  Ã…“ W1 = VLine ILine cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W2 = VLine ILine cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W1 + W2 = VLine ILine [cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) + cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2cos300cosÃŽ ¦) = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ W2 W1 = VLine ILine [cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2sin300sinÃŽ ¦) = VLine ILine sinÃŽ ¦ tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) Thus from the two wattmeter method, we can find ÃŽ ¦. PROBLEM 1. Three coils, each having a resistance of 20- and an inductive reactance of 15-, are connected in star to a 400V, 3-phase, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the line current (ii) power factor and (iii) power supplied. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V ZPhase = √(202 + 152) = 25- (i) IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 231/25 = 9.24A = ILine (ii) Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 20/25 = 0.8 lag (iii) P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 9.24 0.8 = 5121W 2. A balanced star-connected load of impedance (6 + j8)- per phase is connected to a 3-phase, 230V, 50Hz supply. Find the line current and power absorbed by each phase. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 230/1.732 = 133V Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 133/10 = 13.3A = ILine P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 230 13.3 0.6 = 1061W 3. Three similar coils, connected in star, take a total power of 1.5kW at a power factor of 0.2 lagging from 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the resistance and inductance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ ILine = P / (√3VLine cosÃŽ ¦) = 1500 / (1.732 400 0.2) = 10.83A = IPhase ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 231 / 10.83 = 21.33- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 21.33 0.2 = 4.27- XPhase = √(21.332 4.272) = 20.9- LPhase = XPhase/ 2Ï€f =20.9 / (2Ï€ 50) = 0.0665H 4. The load to a 3-phase supply comprises three similar coils connected in star. The line currents are 25A and kVA and kW inputs are 20 and 11 respectively. Find (i) the phase and line voltages (ii) the kVAR input and (iii) resistance and reactance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = Apparent power / (3 IPh) = (20-103) / (3 25) = 267V VLine= √3 VPhase=1.732-267 = 462V Input kVAR = √ (kVA2 kW2) = √ (202 112) = 16.7kVAR Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = kW/kVA = 11/20 ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 267 / 25 = 10.68- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 10.68 11/20 = 5.87- XPhase = √(10.682 5.872) = 8.92- 5. A balanced 3-phase, delta-connected load has per phase impedance of (25+j40)-. If 400V, 3-phase supply is connected to this load, find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power supplied to the load. Solution:- ZPhase = √(252 + 402) = 47.17- IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 47.17 = 8.48- ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-8.48 = 14.7A Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 25/47.17 = 0.53 lag P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 14.7- 0.53 = 5397.76W 6. A balanced 3-phase load consists of three coils, each of resistance 6-, and inductive reactance of 8-. Determine the line current and power absorbed when the coils are delta-connected across 400V, 3-phase supply. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag VPhase = VLine = 400V IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 10 = 40A ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-40 = 69.28A P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 69.28 0.6 = 28799W 7. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power absorbed by a 3-phase induction motor. The wattmeter readings are 12.5kW and -4.8kW. Find (i) the power absorbed by the machine (ii) load power factor (iii) reactive power taken by the load. Solution:- W2 = 12.5kW ; W1 = -4.8kW Power absorbed = W2 + W1 = 12.5 + (-4.8) = 7.7kW tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) = (12.5+4.8) / 7.7 = 3.89 ÃŽ ¦ = tan-13.89 = 75.60 Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = cos75.60 = 0.2487lag Reactive power = √3 (W2-W1) = √3 (12.5 + 4.8) = 29.96kVAR P O I N T S TO REMEMBER 1. The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. 2. The two types of three-phase connections are wye and delta. 3. Wye connections are characterized by the fact that one terminal of each device is connected together. 4. In a wye connection, the phase voltage is less than the line voltage by a factor of 1.732. The phase current and line current are the same. 5. In a delta connection, the phase voltage is the same as the line voltage. The phase current is less than the line current by a factor of 1.732. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase current is: ILine = IPhase 2. On a wye system, the line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. 3. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VLine = Vphase 4. In the delta connection, the line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB 5. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VPhase = VLine / 1.732 6. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase current is: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. In a two phase generator, the electrical displacement between the two phases or winding is: (a) 1200 (b) 900 (c) 1800 (d) none of these 2. The advantage of star-connected supply system is that: (a) line current is equal to phase current (b) two voltages can be used (c) phase sequence can be easily changed (d) it is a simple arranged 3. In a balanced star-connected system, line voltage are ahead of their respective phase voltages. (a) 300 (b) 600 (c) 1200 (d) none of these 4. In a star connected system, the relationship between the line voltage VL and phase voltage VPh is: (a) VL = VPh (b) VL = VPh / √3 (c) VL = √3VPh (d) none of these 5. The algebraic sum of instantaneous phase voltages in a three-phase circuit is equal to: (a) zero (b) line voltage (c) phase voltage (d) none of these 6. If one line conductor of a 3-phase line is cut, the load is then supplied by: (a) single phase voltage (b) two phase voltage (c) three phase voltage (d) none of these 7. The resistance between any two terminals of a balanced star-connected load is 12-. The resistance of each phase is: (a) 12- (b) 24- (c) 6- (d) none of these 8. A 3-phase load is balanced if all the three phases have the same (a) impedance (b) power factor (c) impedance and power factor (d) none of these REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How many degrees out of phase with each other are the voltages of a three-phase system? 2. What are the two main types of three-phase connections? 3. A wye-connected load has a voltage of 480 V applied to it. What is the voltage drop across each phase? 4. A wye-connected load has a phase current of 25 A. How much current is flowing through the lines supplying the load? 5. A delta connection has a voltage of 560 V connected to it. How much voltage is dropped across each phase? 6. A delta connection has 30 A of current flowing through each phase winding. How much current is flowing through each of the lines supplying power to the load? 7. A three-phase resistive load has a phase voltage of 240 V and a phase current of 18 A. What is the power of this load? 8. If the load in question 7 is connected in a wye, what would be the line voltage and line current supplying the load? 9. An alternator with a line voltage of 2400 V supplies a delta-connected load. The line current supplied to the load is 40 A. Assume the load is a balanced three-phase load, what is the impedance of each phase? 10. If the load is pure resistive, what is the power of the circuit in question 9? PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. Three similar coils are star connected to a 3-phase, 400V, and 50Hz supply. If the inductance and resistance of each coil are 38.2mH and 16- respectively, determine (i) line current (ii) power factor (iii) power consumed. 2. Three 50- resistors are connected in star across 400V, 3-phase supply. (i) Find phase current, line current and power taken from the main. (ii) What would be the above value if one of the resistors were disconnected? 3. Calculate the active and reactive components of current in each phase of a star-connected 10,000 volts, 3-phase generator supplying 5,000kW at a lagging power factor 0.8. Find the new output if the current is maintained at the same value but the power factor is raised to 0.9 lagging. 4. Three 20 µF capacitors are star-connected across 420V, 50Hz, 3-phase, three wire supplies. (i) Calculate the current in each line. (ii) If one of the capacitors is short-circuited, calculate the line currents. (iii) If one of the capacitors is open-circuited, calculate the line currents and potential difference across each of the other two capacitors. 5. If the phase voltage of a 3-phase star connected alternator be 231V, what will be the line voltages (i) when the phases are correctly connected (ii) when the connections of one of the phases are reversed? 6. Calculate the phase and line currents in a balanced delta connected load taking 75kw at a power factor 0.8 from a 3-phase 440V supply. 7. Three identical resistances, each of 18-, are connected in delta across 400V, 3-phase supply. What value of resistance in each leg of balanced star connected load would take the same line current? 8. Three similar resistors are connected in star across a 415V, 3-phase supply. The line current is 10A. Calculate (i) the value of each resistance (ii) the line voltage required to give the same line current if the resistors were delta-connected. 9. Two wattmeters are used to measure power in a 3-phase balanced load. The wattmeter readings are 8.2kW and 7.2kW. Calculate (i) total power (ii) power factor and (iii) total reactive power. 10. A balanced 3-phase load takes 10kW at a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Calculate the readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to read the input power. 11. Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20- and a reactance of 20- are connected in (i) star (ii) delta across 440v, 3-phase lines. Calculate for each method of connection the line current and readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to measure the power.